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Table of contents
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Alien invasive plant species
1.2 Impacts of alien invasive plant species
1.3 Role of seed dispersal in the spread of invasive alien species
1.3.1 Endozoochory seed dispersal
1.3.2 Seed dispersal effectiveness
1.3.3 Effects of fruit characteristics on invasiveness
1.3.4 Effects of seed dispersal agent behaviour
1.3.5 Effects of seed traits and gut passage on germination patterns
1.4 Ungulate species as seed dispersal agents
1.5 Alien invasive plants in South Africa
1.6 Problem statement
1.7 Aims and objectives
1.8 Study sites
1.9 Study species
1.9.1 Lantana camara
1.9.2 Solanum mauritianum
1.9.3 Melia azedarach
1.9.4 Opuntia monacantha
1.10 Structure of the thesis
1.11 References
CHAPTER 2 To eat or not to eat: visitation and fruit consumption of fleshy-fruited alien invasive plants by wild southern African ungulates
2.1 Abstract
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Methods
2.4 Results
2.5 Discussion
2.6 Acknowledgements
2.7 References
2.8 Supplementary information
CHAPTER 3 Seed composition in the dung of wild southern African ungulates: implications for the dispersal of fleshly-fruited invasive alien plants
3.1 Abstract
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Methods
3.4 Results
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Acknowledgements
3.7 References
3.8 Supplementary information
CHAPTER 4 Potential mean retention time and seed dispersal distance of wild southern African ungulates in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
4.1 Abstract
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Methods
4.4 Results
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusions
4.7 Acknowledgements
4.8 References
4.9 Supplementary information
CHAPTER 5 Conclusions and recommendations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Visitation and fruit consumption of fleshy-fruited alien invasive plants by ungulates
5.3 Seed composition of fleshy-fruited alien invasive plants in the dung of ungulate species
5.4 Potential retention times and dispersal distances of alien invasive plants by ungulates
5.5 Conclusions and recommendations
5.6 References
