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Table of contents
Abstract
Chapter 1 General Introduction
2.1 Life Cycle
2.2 Geographical distribution of Plasmodium vivax
2.3 Rising reports of Plasmodium vivax in sub-Saharan Africa: Barrier of malaria elimination agenda
3.1 Discovery of pre-erythrocytic malaria stage
3.2 Unique biology of P. vivax
3.3 Hypnozoite discovery and its distinct features
3.4 Reactivation of hypnozoites and relapse pattern
3.5 Mathematical concept of reactivation kinetics
4.1 8 aminoquinolines, the only anti-relapsing therapies for vivax malaria and limitations
4.2 Proposed mode primaquine action
5.1 Sporozoite: factors contributing hepatocyte permissiveness
5.2 Role of hepatocyte surface proteins in liver infection
5.3 Liver Host molecules accelerate Plasmodium exo-erythrocytic development
6.1 Few research cues of hypnozoites are mentioned below-
6.2 Transcriptomics of hypnozoites
6.3 Transcriptome of relapsing sporozoites
6.4 The association of hypnozoite tubulovesicular network with host water- solute channel .
6.5 Hypnozoite re-activation
6.6 Relapse Pattern
7.1 UIS4 and LISP2 are critical markers of Plasmodium liver stage development: in vitro
7.2 Hypnozoite biomarkers identified in vivo
8.1 in vitro and in vivo models facilitates liver stage studies
8.2 Hepatic models for hypnozoite research: in vitro
8.3 Humanized mice in vivo
8.4 Hepatic organoid model convenient to study relapsing malaria
8.5 Development of reporter lines facilitate understanding hypnozoite features
8.6 Challenges associated with anti–hypnozoite drug discovery
9.1 Drugs identified active against malaria liver stage
9.2 Quantitative high throughput screening facilitates liver stage drug discovery
10.1 Previous drug screening failed to find a radical cure drug
10.3 Necessity of anti-hypnozoite drugs
10.4. Inability of current malaria diagnostic tools to detect hypnozoite mediated relapses from recrudescence and reinfection
10.5 Reactivating drugs: New avenue for relapsing therapy
11.1 Historical perspective
11.3 Scope of anti-hypnozoite compounds fishing from natural resources
11.4 Other natural products
COVID19: can provoke Plasmodium vivax relapse ?
Chapter 2 Supplementation with a cocktail of methyl paraben and penicillin-streptomycin in mosquito diet prevents microbial contamination in hepatic Plasmodium cult MP-PS effect on microbial burden in salivary gland extracts
Chapter 3 Artemisinin-independent inhibitory activity of Artemisia sp. infusions against different Plasmodium stages including relapse-causing hypnozoites
(ARTICLE 1 : Manuscript under revision in BIORXIV )
Chapter 4 Artemisia infusions perturbs the apicoplast biogenesis of liver resident Plasmodium parasites including hypnozoites
Introduction
Chapter 5 in vitro activity of Artemisia infusions against antimalarial drug resistant blood stage parasites
Abstract
Result and Discussion
General Discussion
CONCLUSION & PERSPECTIVE
ANNEX
I. Extracts derived from Artemisia infusions show potent inhibitory activity against rodent malaria species
List of abréviations
RESUME
