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Table of contents
GENERAL SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
1) A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF STEM CELL FEATURES AND REGULATION
1.1 Stem cell properties
1.2 Stem cell potential
1.3 Generating cell type progenitors
1.3.1. Generating progenitors via unequal determinant segregation
1.3.2 Generating progenitors via environmental cues: the “Niche”
1.4 Maintaining the undifferentiated stem cell state
1.4.1 Transcriptional control
1.4.2 Epigenetic mechanisms
1.4.3 Regulatory RNAs
1.5 A shared gene toolkit for stem cells and germ line
1.5.2 Nanos regulates transcription and translation repression
1.6 Wnt signalling: a candidate for stem cell regulation
1.6.1 The Wnt/ β- catenin pathway
1.6.2 The Wnt/ Planar cell polarity pathway
1.6.3 Developmental roles of Wnt/β- catenin pathway: Germ layers and body axis
1.6.4 Wnt/β-catenin signalling and stem cell regulation
2) CNIDARIAN MODELS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
2.1 Clytia life cycle and development
2.1.1 Clytia embryogenesis and larval development
2.1.2 Clytia medusa anatomy
2.2 Hydrozoan cell types
2.2.1 I-cells: a hydrozoan multipotent stem cell system
2.2.2 Nerve cells
2.2.3 Nematocytes
2.2.4 Gland cells
2.2.5 Gametes
2.2.6 Epithelial cells
2.3 I-cell dynamics
2.3.1 Analysis of i-cell multipotency
2.3.2 Generating i-cell progeny: I-cell derivatives specification and differentiation
2.3.3 Wnt signalling regulates i-cell differentiation
2.4 The embryological origin of i-cells
MATERIAL & METHODS
RESULTS I: MONITORING THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF I-CELL DERIVATIVES DURING CLYTIA LARVAL DEVELOPMENT.
1.BACKGROUND AND QUESTIONS
1.1 Nematogenesis progression during Clytia larval development.
1.1.1 Distribution of nematocytes during embryonic development
1.1.2 Mcol3-4a-expressing nematoblasts are largely restricted to the endodermal region
1.1.3 Sox15 is expressed during an extended period of nematogenesis
1.2 Neurogenesis during larval development
1.2.1 Clytia Prdl-a as putative neuronal marker
1.2.3 Clytia Asc-b is a expressed in the endoderm in both planulae and medusae
1.2.4 Zic-C is expressed in a sub-type of neural cells specific to medusa tentacles.
1.2.5 Neuropeptide expression defines mature neural subpopulations
1.3 Gland cell formation in Clytia planulae and in the medusae
1.4 Germ cell genes in Clytia
RESULTS II: WNT/Β-CATENIN SIGNALLING IN EMBRYONIC PATTERNING, I-CELL FORMATION AND I-CELL DIFFERENTIATION DURING CLYTIA EMBRYIONIC AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT
2. BACKGROUND AND QUESTIONS
2.1 PAPER 1: Summary of the results
2.1.1 Investigating Wnt/β-catenin signalling in i-cell formation and differentiation during Clytia embryonic
development.
PAPER 1: WNT SIGNALLING IN MULTIPOTENT STEM CELL FORMATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN CLYTIA
HEMISPHAERICA LARVAL DEVELOPMENT
2.2 PAPER 2: Summary of the Results
2.2.1 Identification of novel Clytia embryos patterning genes
2.2.2 Polarized expression pattern of Wnt3 target genes
2.2.3 IE genes show an i-cell like expression pattern
2.2.4 Different responses of Wnt3-MO responsive genes to Fz1-MO
PAPER 2: DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES TO WNT AND PCP DISRUPTION PREDICT EXPRESSION AND DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION OF CONSERVED AND NOVEL GENES IN A CNIDARIAN.
2.3 Additional Results: Characterisation of putative novel i-cell genes under-expressed in Wnt3
morphant early gastrulae.
DISCUSSION & PERSPECTIVES
ANNEXE 1: COMPARISON OF EXPRESSION LEVELS OF SELECTED HYDRA GENES IN SEPARATED CELL
POPULATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
