REFLECTION ON KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING

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Incidence of widowhood

According to Statistics South Africa (2013, p.13) the number of reported deaths in the country between 1997 and 2010 (processed during 2011/2013) was 6 563 959. The leading cause of deaths among African people was tuberculosis (Statistics South Africa 2014, p.31). The same statistics show that there were slightly more male (51.5%) than female deaths (48.5%) in 2010 and this is also similar to trends in previous years; about 5.7% of South Africans aged 20 or older were widowed (Statistics South Africa 2013, p.23).
The United Nations (2010) report reveals that between the year 2005 and 2010, the following countries were having high numbers of widows: China 43 million widows from a total population of 1.338 billion, India 42.4 million widows from a total population of 1.206 billion and United States 13.6 million widows from a total population of 309.3 million.
The World Health Organization (2007a, 2007b) and Statistics South Africa (2013, p.15) emphasise that accurate information on numbers of deaths and causes of death are critical to guide decision making in public health. Based on the available statistics on death and widowhood, the researcher believes that the higher the health risks in a particular country, the higher the probability of increased death rates and the likelihood of widowhood.
As a result, the researcher agrees with the World Health Organization (2007a, 2007b) and Statistics South Africa (2013) that available statistics on the causes of deaths should guide decision making in public health and the planning of effective interventions with the aim of promoting health outcomes in a country to reduce the death rates and, therefore, the likelihood of widowhood.

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AND PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE TO THE PROBLEM
1.2.1 Incidence of widowhood
1.2.2 Response to widowhood
1.2.3 Health and other consequences of widowhood
1.2.4 Bereavement support
1.2.5 Widowhood in the South African context
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.4.1 Nursing research
1.4.2 Nursing practice
1.4.3 Policy development
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1.7 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1.8 PARADIGMATIC PERSPECTIVE
1.9 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS
1.9.1 Widowhood
1.9.2 Widow
1.9.3 Health care system
1.9.4 Primary health care services
1.9.5 Health suppor
1.9.6 Guideline development
1.10 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.10.1 Phase 1
1.10.2 Phase 2
1.10.3 Ethical considerations
1.10.3.1 Permission to conduct the study
1.10.3.2 Beneficence
1.10.3.3 Respect for human dignity
1.10.3.4 Justice
1.11 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS
1.12 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2 PARADIGMATIVE PERSPECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 PARADIGMATIC PERSPECTIV
2.2.1 Phenomenology within a constructivist paradigm
2.2.1.1 Ontological assumptions
2.2.1.2 Epistemological assumptions
2.2.1.3 Methodological assumptions
2.2.2 Historical overview of phenomenology
2.2.3 Philosophical assumptions of descriptive phenomenology
2.3 PHENOMENOLOGY AS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.3.1 Consciousness
2.3.2 Experience
2.3.3 Phenomenon
2.3.4 Intentionality
2.4 CRITIQUE OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH – AN OVERVIEW
2.5 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
2.6 PHASE 1: EXPLORATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE HEALTH SUPPORT NEEDS OF WIDOWS IN THE CITY OF TSHWANE
2.6.1 Phase 1: Research design
2.6.1.1 Qualitative design
2.6.1.2 Descriptive phenomenological design
2.6.1.3 Contextual design
2.6.2 Phase 1: Research method
2.6.2.1 Study populatio
2.6.2.2 Sampling
2.6.2.3 Data collection
2.6.2.4 Data analysis
2.7 RIGOUR OF THE STUDY
2.7.1 Reflexivity
2.7.2 Bracketing
2.8 PHASE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR THE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO SUPPORT WIDOWS
2.8.1 Phase 2: Research design
2.8.2 Population
2.8.3 Sampling
2.8.4 Data collection
2.9 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 3 DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS FROM PHASE 1
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
3.3 DISCUSSION OF FIELD NOTES
CHAPTER 4 LITERATURE SYNTHESIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 DISCUSSION OF THE ESSENCES, CONSTITUENTS AND LITERATURE SYNTHESIS
4.3 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPMENT AND THE DESCRIPTION OF THE GUIDELINES IN PHASE 2
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 REFLECTION ON KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING
5.3 DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE GUIDELINES
5.4GUIDELINES TO PROMOTE THE SUPPORT OF WIDOWS BY THE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES
5.5 VALIDITY OF THE GUIDELINES
5.6 SUMMARY
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION OF THE FINDINGS, VALIDATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE GUIDELINES WITH RECOMMENDATIONS, LIMITATIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS