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Background
Trypanosomosis is a tsetse-transmitted debilitating parasitic disease affecting domestic and wild vertebrates, including man (Barrett et al. 2003). It is one of the most important diseases in Africa affecting people directly by causing human African trypanosomosis (HAT) and indirectly through animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) (Aksoy 2003).
AAT affects not only the well-being of the population but also efficient food production with 3 million cattle deaths per year attributed (WHO 2002; Angwech et al. 2015). Losses in meat production, milk yield and draught power are estimated to cost approximately US$ 500 million annually and together with losses in crop production and livestock it rise to US$ 5 billion per year (Scoones 2000; Chanie et al. 2013; Bukachi et al. 2017).
The control of the disease relies on three main approaches generally used in parallel: the use of trypanocides for both chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy (Peregrine 1994), vector control using insecticides and traps (Authié et al. 1993; Vale 2009; Shaw et al. 2013; Pilossof 2016) and the use of trypanotolerant bovines (Murray et al. 1990).
The biological transmission of trypanosomes to vertebrate hosts is done by their cyclical vector, tsetse fly (Glossina sp.). However, experimental observations have proven the mechanical transmission of T. congolense (Desquesnes and Dia 2003), T. vivax (Desquesnes & Dia 2004), T. brucei and T. evansi to cattle by tabanids and Stomoxys spp (Parra-Henao and Alarcón-Pineda 2008; Baldacchino et al. 2013, 2014).
Chapter 1 : General Introduction
1.1 Background .
1.2 Thesis Rationale.
1.3 Thesis Objectives
1.4 References .
Chapter 2 : Literature Review
2.1 Introduction .
2.2 History and general description of trypanosomes .
2.3 Trypanosome Transmission.
2.4 Trypanosomosis vectors .
2.5 Trypanosomosis: pathogenesis, clinical signs and diagnosis
2.6 Control of Trypanosomosis
2.7 Trypanocidal drug resistance .
2.8 Trypanosomosis and its impact in Mozambique
2.9 Aim
2.10 Thesis overview
2.11 References .
Chapter 3 : Resistance to trypanocidal drugs in cattle populations of Zambezia Province, Mozambique
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Material and methods
3.3 Drug Resistance Study Test
3.4 DNA extraction and semi-nested 18S rRNA PCR .
3.5 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP).
3.6 Results
3.7 Discussion .
Chapter 4 : Characterization of Haematophagous Flies in The Trypanocide Resistance Foci Of Nicoadala District, Mozambique .
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Material and Methods
4.3 Results
4.4 Discussion
4.5 References
Chapter 5 : Detection of Trypanosoma infections in haematophagous insects using 18S PCR-RFLP n the drug resistance focus of Nicoadala District, Mozambique .
Chapter 6 : General Discussion and Conclusion
