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Grain processors
Zambia
We relied on key informants to draw up a list of grain millers in Lusaka and Chipata.
Three firms (1 large scale, 1 medium and 1 small-scale) were selected in Lusaka and one medium scale in Chipata, the only one in the area (others were just hammer mills where people took their own grain for milling for home consumption) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire (Appendix 5).
Botswana
In Botswana there are two types of millers; large-scale millers such as Bolux Milling Company whose products were found in all chain supermarkets and small-scale millers.
According to a key informant in the Ministry of Agriculture, large millers are responsible for importing grains (maize and wheat) for milling. Smaller millers are responsible for milling millets and sorghum (traditional grains). The organization and policies governing milling in Botswana were obtained from key informants.
Namibia
There is only one milling company in Namibia (Namib Mills). The general manager was interviewed as a key informant. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire (Appendix 5). Food processing firms involved in the processing of dairy products (three in Botswana, four in Zambia), milling (four in Zambia and one in Namibia) processing of vegetables (one in Zambia, two in Namibia) and baked products and confectioneries (one in Namibia and two in Zambia) were sampled and interviewed. Questions were structured to determine the ability of these firms to access the market (traditional and supermarket), constraints to accessing supermarkets and the impact of supermarket growth on these firms.
Analytical methods
Various analytical tools were used to determine the impact of supermarkets on agriculture and the processing/manufacturing industry in Botswana, Namibia and Zambia:
• A descriptive analysis of the sourcing/procurement practices of the South African supermarkets in the framework of supply chains in the case-study countries was carried out.
• Non-parametric statistics were used to analyse the determinants of supermarket criteria in sourcing and procurement of fresh fruit and vegetables and processed foods in Botswana, Namibia and Zambia. This was carried out using SAS software.
• Two-step treatment effects regression analysis was carried out to determine the factors that influence farmer participation in the supermarket FFV supply chain and the impact of this participation on farmer income.
Organisation of the thesis
The thesis is organized in eight chapters. Chapter 2 presents a literature review on supermarket involvement in retailing food and agro-industrial products in developing countries. Chapter 3 presents the conceptual and theoretical framework for analysing the impact of South African supermarkets on agriculture and manufacturing in SADC countries. Chapter 4 presents the supermarkets’ sourcing and procurement practices in SADC countries. Chapter 5 presents a profile of farmers supplying FFV to supermarkets and traditional market channels in Botswana and Zambia. Chapter 6 presents the analysis of the determinants and impact of farmers’ participation in the supermarket’s FFV supply chain in SADC. Chapter 7 provides a discussion of the impact of supermarkets on agriculture, manufacturing/food processing in SADC. Chapter 8 gives the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 The problem statement
1.3 Gaps in the literature and research questions
1.4 Hypotheses
1.5 Research methodology
1.7 Organisation of the thesis
CHAPTER 2
THE GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF SUPERMARKETS AND THEIR IMPACT THE FOOD SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 An overview of supermarket expansion in developing countries
2.4 Growth and expansion of supermarkets in South Africa
2.5 Growth and expansion of South African supermarkets in SADC countries
2.6 A historical overview of supermarket growth in SADC
2.7 Retail sector supply chains
2.8 Drivers of supermarket growth and diffusion in Africa and the SADC
2.9 Issues related to the expansion of South African supermarkets in SADC
2.10 Trade impacts of supermarkets in SADC
2.11 Summary
CHAPTER 3
A CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conceptual framework for analysing procurement practices of supermarkets
3.3 Constructs on how the impact of supermarkets in host countries may occur
3.4 Perceived and/or measurable impacts of supermarkets in SADC countries
3.5 Theoretical models to estimate the impact of supermarkets on farmers, the agriculture and manufacturing industry in the SADC
3.6 Summary
CHAPTER 4
SOURCING AND PROCUREMENT PRACTICES OF SUPERMARKETS IN SELECTED SADC COUNTRIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Products sold in supermarkets/local shops in Namibia, Botswana and Zambia
4.3 Procurement practices of supermarkets in case-study countries
4.4 Comparison of the procurement practices in the case-study countries
4.5 Procurement policies of supermarkets in case-study countries
4.6 Supermarkets’ sourcing and procurement criteria for fresh fruit and vegetables and processed products in case-study countries
4.7 The role of public policy and its influence on trade in the selected products
4.8 Summary
CHAPTER 5
PROFILES OF FARMERS SUPPLYING TO SUPERMARKETS AND TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN BOTSWANA AND ZAMBIA
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Profiles of farmers that supply FFV to the two market channels in Zambia
5.3 Profiles of farmers that supply FFV to the two market channels in Botswana
5.4 Summary
CHAPTER 6
THE DETERMINANTS AND IMPACT OF FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION IN THE SUPERMARKETS FFV SUPPLY CHAIN IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Estimating the model
6.3 Decision to supply vegetables to supermarkets or the traditional market channel
6.4 The impact of farmers’ participation in the supermarket FFV supply chain on household income
6.5 Hypothesis testing
6.6 Summary
CHAPTER 7
SUPERMARKETS’ IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURING/ FOOD PROCESSING AND TRADE IN THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Impact of supermarkets on the food-processing sector
7.3 Impact of supermarkets’ involvement in the dairy sector in Botswana, Namibia and Zambia
7.4 Impact of supermarket activity on the fresh fruit and vegetables sector
7.5 Comparison of perceived impact of supermarkets on the FFV sector
7.6 Trade flows in the SADC
7.7 Summary
CHAPTER 8
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 Summary
8.2 Conclusions
8.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
