The Millennium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS and the new aid architecture

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Liberation of trade and investment

Technological innovation and entrepreneurship are, together with national governments, the main reason for economic integration. Governments played a pivotal role by allowing greater economic integration through the adoption of market-oriented policies and regulation (Bertucci & Alberti, 2001:1). These policies and regulations allowed for the removal of controls over foreign exchange, the progressive elimination of capital controls, the removal of controls over interest rates and the lifting of barriers to entry to banking and financial services (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2001:9). The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) established the World Trade Organization (WTO) through a negotiation process. The WTO’s aims are to remove barriers to trade in goods, liberalise services and capital flows and facilitate international policies and regulations. The effect of globalisation on trade and investment, foreign exchange and capital markets is that they are linked globally and operating 24 hours per day. The result is trade at global level at a distance in real time (United Nations Development Programme, 1999:1).

Technological innovation and the reduction of transport and communication costs

Through the development of computers and the internet, the globalisation of information flows has escalated dramatically. Previously, the computer was mainly used by the state and businesses, but today it is a household appliance used for information retrieval and processing, for education, for entertainment and for communication (Bertucci & Alberti, 2001:3). Communication through telephones and cellular phones has made it possible for even the most remote of the people of the world to be in communication with the outside world. In turn, these technological innovations have
created a market for multinational corporations who have taken full advantage of the open global markets to spread their production processes. Modern transportation methods and computerised booking systems have made it possible for people and goods to be transported to faraway destinations and thus to contribute to the globalisation of production and services.

Entrepreneurship

As mentioned above, technological innovations have created a market for multinational orporations and the opening up of these economic opportunities made it possible for the movement of foreign capital, technology and management to host country entrepreneurs and corporations (Bertucci & Alberti, 2001:3). Large transnational corporations are not new, but the way in which they operate around the world has changed significantly.

Global social networks

The way in which people and organisations operate, co-operate and interface has been changed by new technology in communication, telecommunication and transportation. Social networks across the borders of countries have influenced democracy, human rights, the environment and poverty (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2001:13). A distinctive characteristic of globalisation is the influence of global civil society organisations on the international policy agenda and processes especially on the protection of human rights. Global transnational corporations, due to their growing economic power, are also becoming a force to be reckoned with in the international arena.

Economic and social dimensions of globalisation

Economic globalisation is mainly represented by the rapid expansion of global trade, foreign direct investment and capital market flows. This includes flows of labour, goods and capital across borders and the emergence of globally integrated markets for goods, services and capital (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2001:14). The reduction in transportation and communication costs has greatly facilitated economic globalisation by speeding up transaction times and methods in service delivery. More people are travelling and the mobility of people directly contributes to tourism and migration of workers, which in turn lead to economic globalisation.
As in the case of social globalisation, the reduction in communication and transport costs contributed to economic globalisation it is with the case of social globalisation. Cheap, instantaneous communication and dispersion of information on a massive scale have affected politics, culture and social establishment. People have become aware of their rights and form pressure groups to demand better services and higher standards of behaviour from their governments. Due to cheap and accessible transportation, people have become more aware of international issues and social problems. Social protests have also changed appearance with people from many countries participating, for example, the protests at G8 and WTO meetings the last couple of years.
International and regional organisations are being formed based on their shared interests rather than on geopolitical similarities, for example, Save the Children (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2001:16). Global NGOs dealing with, for example, human rights issues are increasingly being invited to United Nations conferences and global economic meetings. The exposure they receive at these conferences increases their political leverage to fight for their causes.

 Globalisation and its effect on public administration

Economic globalisation offers the potential for economic growth through greater economic openness, foreign direct investment and transfer of technologies. Competitive trade is beneficial to all countries because it increases the choices of the consumer and the quality of products (Bertucci & Alberti, 2001:5). Economic globalisation has opened the doors for developing countries through new markets for export, attracting foreign capital which in turn enhances development. According to the World Public Sector Report, (2001:17) evidence is strong that real GDP growth is related mainly to domestic productivity growth, not to balance of trade or to productivit elative to competitors. Developed countries have not lifted their protective barriers for developing countries in many of the crucial sectors such as textiles and agriculture.
Social globalisation has created greater social awareness of human rights violations, child labour abuses and corruption. As mentioned above, the reduction in transport and communication costs has provided people with new tools of information dissemination on human rights, democracy, poverty alleviation and transparency.

CHAPTER 1:RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH DESIGN 
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Theoretical framework
1.2.1 HIV/AIDS – a special prolem
1.2.2 HIV/AIDS is a long-wave event with stages of impact
1.2.3 Key concepts of susceptibility and vulnerability
1.2.4 Impact difficult to determine
1.2.5 The Millennium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS and the new aid architecture
1.3 Purpose of the study and problem statement
1.4 Research design and methodology
1.5 Benefits, limitations and assumptions
1.6 Data collection
1.6.1 Literature review
1.6.2 Conferences
1.6.3 Legislation
1.6.4 2006 High-level Meeting on AIDS – Uniting the world against AIDS
1.6.5 Meetings of the Joint Norwegian and Swedish Regional
HIV/AIDS Team for Africa
1.6.6 High-level meetings with UN organisations
1.6.7 Donor Co-ordination Forum on AIDS and the EU+ working group on HIV/AIDS
1.7 Clarification of key concepts and terms
1.8 Framework of the stud
1.9 Conclusion
CHAPTER 2: CONTEXTUALISATION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical perspectives on public administration
2.2.1 Introduction to public administration
2.2.2 Realism and Enlightenment philosophy
2.2.3 The cameralists
2.2.4 The positivists
2.2.5 The classicists
2.2.6 New public administration and new public management
2.3 The development of administrative theories and schools of administrative
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Approaches and schools in public administration
2.4 The role of public administration
2.4.1 Defining public administration
2.4.2 The functions of public administration
2.4.2.1 Policymaking
2.4.2.2 Financial management in public administration
2.4.2.3 Human resources
2.4.2.4 Organisation
2.4.2.5 Methods and procedures
2.4.2.6 Control over the administration
2.4.2.7 Management
2.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND DEVELOPME ADMINISTRATION
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Trends in development theory
3.3 The emergence of development theory
3.3.1 Development theory in the period after World War 2
3.3.2 The first 30 years of development: 1950s – 1970s
3.3.3 The next three decades of development: 1980 – 2000
3.4 Development administration
3.4.1 Development theory and administration
3.4.2 The nature of development administration
3.4.3 The administration of underdevelopment: building a theory
3.4.4 The new millennium and development
3.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4: GLOBALISATION AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE 
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The nature of globalisation
4.2.1 Overview of globalisation
4.2.2 The drivers of globalisation
4.2.2.1 Liberation of trade and investment
4.2.2.2 Technological innovation and the reduction of transport and communication costs
4.2.2.3 Entrepreneurship
4.2.2.4 Global social networks
4.2.3 Economic and social dimensions of globalisation
4.2.4 Globalisation and its effect on public administration
4.3 The impact of globalisation on the state
4.4 The role and function of the state
4.4.1 The state as regulator, enabler and facilitator
4.4.2 The new role of the state
4.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5: THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FUNCTIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Political environment in which public administration functions
5.3 Economic environment
5.4 Social, health and developmental environment
5.5 International environment in which public administration functions and the impact of international goal-setting
5.5.1 United Nations system
5.5.2 The Bretton Woods institutions
5.5.3 Group of Eight (G8)
5.5.4 European Union
5.5.5 Africa Commission
5.5.6 Commonwealth of Nations
5.5.7 Non-Aligned Movement
5.5.8 World Trade Organization
5.6 Regional environment in which public administration must function
5.6.1 African Union
5.6.2 Millennium Africa Recovery Programme, the Omega Plan and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development
5.6.3 Southern African Development Community
5.6.4 United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
5.6.5 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
5.7 The challenges facing sub-Saharan Africa
5.8 Conclusion
CHAPTER 6: AN ANALYSIS OF AIDS AS AN EPIDEMIC 
CHAPTER 7: THE IMPACT OF THE AIDS EPIDEMIC ON DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 8: THE CHANGING FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
CHAPTER 9: PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND THE FINANCING OF THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC 
CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION: THE PUBLIC POLICY IMPACT OF THE CHANGING OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE IN FINANCING THE HIV/AIDS RESPONSE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
References

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THE PUBLIC POLICY IMPACT OF THE CHANGING OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME IN FINANCING THE HIV/AIDS RESPONSE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA