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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis and the results of both quantitative and qualitative data. The chapter also presents narrative descriptions of issues of concern to adolescents and suggestions made for improving adolescent health among the studied group.
QUANTITATIVE RESULT
The study recruited 449 students and all participated in the study giving 100% response rate. The results of the qualitative data are analysed and presented based on the question sequences in the questionnaire under the different sub-headings: socio-demographic data; knowledge and attitude toward reproductive and sexual health; sexual history and risky sexual practices and the perception for risk behaviours by adolescents.
Socio-demographic data
Table 4.1 shows the socio-demographic data of the participants. Two hundred and twenty-three (49.7%) of the participants were drawn from a rural high school and the rest 226 (50.3%) were from an urban high school. There were 243 (54.1%) males and 206 (45.9%) females. The average mean age of the respondents was 16.79 (+1.15 SD) years and median age of 17 years. The median age for the female and male adolescents was 15 (mean=15.01 SD ±1.43) and 15 (mean=15.24 SD ±1.42) respectively
The distribution of the pupils by grade were 259 (57.7%) in grade 9 and the rest 190 (42.3%) in grade 10. Majority of the respondents 432 (96.2%) were in the age group 14−18 years.
All respondents from both schools were either in grade 9 or 10 therefore, literate. The predominant ethnic group of the study participants is Oromo 436 (97.1%) followed by Amhara 13 (2.9%).
Nearly half of the respondents, 208 (46.3%) were followers of the Orthodox Christianity, 118 (26.3%) Protestants, 102 (22.7%) « Waqefata’s” (believe in God/Traditional believe of Oromo people) and the rest 21 (4.7%) were Muslims and Catholics.
Educational status of the families of the respondents
The questionnaire included questions on the educational status of the families of the respondents. The results are summarised in Table 4.2.
The majority of the parents of adolescents who participated in the study were illiterate and could only read and write. The illiteracy level was higher among the rural dwellers than the urban dwellers.
Seventy four (16.48%) of the participants had illiterate fathers, thirty nine (8.9%) of the participant’s fathers could read and write, 164 (36.53%) of the participant’s fathers had completed elementary education and 95 (21.16%) of fathers had attended high school education. In addition, 77 (17.14%) participants’ fathers were holders of a diploma qualification and above. With regard to the mothers educational background, 164 (32.5%) of the study participants had illiterate mothers, 48 (10.69%) of the participant’s mothers could read and write, 165 (36.69%) had completed elementary education, 49 (10.91%) mothers had attended high school and the remaining 41 (9.13%) mothers were holders of a diploma qualification or above.
Economic and living standards
The economic status and living standard of the respondents is summarised in Table 4.3.
The majority of the respondents 442 (98.4%) were never married and a significant proportion (75.3%) of the adolescents living in rural areas live with both parents. Similarly, more than 72% of the urban adolescents lived with their parents. About 64% of adolescents in the rural areas perceived their economic status was medium whereas 67.7% of the adolescents in urban areas perceived their families’ economic status was medium.
Personal behaviours and practices among adolescents in both rural and urban areas
Personal behaviours and practices of the respondents are summarised in Table 4.4. With regard to alcohol consumption, one hundred seventy five (39.9%) of the participants among which 93 (41.70%) from the rural high school and 82 (36.71%) from the urban high school reported alcohol consumption either occasionally, most of the time or daily. On the other hand 32 (7.1%) and 16 (3.6%) of the respondents reported consuming khat and smoking cigarette respectively. 179 (39.9%) respondents attended religious services daily, 202 (45%) attended at least once in a week, 33 (7.4%) attended occasionally and the rest 35 (7.8%) never attend religious services at all.
Discussion of sexual issues with families
Table 4.5 gives a summary of sexual issues being discussed with families. Even though 87.1% and 86.41% of the adolescents discuss issues with their father and mother respectively; the majority of participants (82.5% of rural and 85.4% of urban) do not discuss sexual issues with their fathers and almost the same percentage 81.6% and 90.7% of the rural and urban adolescent respectively do not discuss any sexual related matters with their mothers. One hundred (22.3%) respondents said they often discussed sex related issues with their relatives and friends. The remaining 349 (77.9%) said they never discuss sex related issues with their relatives, friends or any other person at all.
Knowledge and attitude toward reproductive and sexual health among high school adolescents
The participant’s knowledge and attitude towards sexual and reproductive health were assessed. Out of the total of 449 participants, 58 (12.9%) fully agreed and 156 (34.6%) partially agreed that a boy should have sex before marriage. On the other hand, 116 (52.01%) rural and 98 (43.36%) urban adolescents fully or partially agreed that a boy should have sex before marriage. The proportion of the males who fully agreed that a boy should have sex before marriage is significantly higher (74.13 %) than that of female (25.86%) adolescents (P < 0.05). On the use of condom, 62 (13.8%) of the study participants among which 35 (15.69%) from the rural and 27 (11.94%) from urban believed that using condom is a sign of mistrust on the partner and 40 (8.9%) agreed that discussing about condom and contraceptive use with young people promote promiscuity.
CHAPTER 1 ORIENTATION TO THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.6 DEFINITIONS OF KEYTERMS
1.7 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF THE STUDY
1.8 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 2 LETRATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.3 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
2.6 ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
2.7 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)
2.8 CONTRACEPTIVE UTILISATION
2.9 MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
2.10 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.3 RESEARCH METHOD
3.4 DATA COLLECTION
3.5 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS
3.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.8 TRUSTWORTHINESS
3.9 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 QUANTITATIVE RESULT
4.3 QUALITATIVE RESULTS (FGDs)
4.4 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5 INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR THE REDUCTION OF RISKY SEXUAL PRACTICES BASED ON THE FINDINGS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS
5.3 BIOMEDICAL INTERVENTIONS
5.4 STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS
5.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANNED ACTIVITIES ON ASRH
5.6 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
6.3 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
7.3 CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY
7.4 STRENGHS OF THE STUDY
7.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
7.6 SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
7.7 CONCLUSION
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INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR THE REDUCTION OF SEXUAL RISK PRACTICES AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN ETHIOPIA
