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Table of contents
Chapter I. General Introduction
Chapter II. Thigmotactic behaviour plays an understated poorly known, though major, role in Littorina littorea displacements under variable topographical complexity and various
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1 Collection and acclimation of Littorina littorea
2.2 Experimental conditions
2.3 Behavioural analysis
2.4 Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1 Behavioural activity of Littorina littorea
3.1.1 Thigmotactic experiment
3.1.2 Thigmotactic and salinity experiment
3.2 Discontinuity-following behaviour
3.2.1 Thigmotactic experiment
3.2.2 Thigmotactic and salinity experiment
3.3 Frequency of occurrence of climbing behaviour
3.3.1 Thigmotactic experiment
3.3.2 Thigmotactic and salinity experiment
4. Discussion
4.1 Increase in topographical complexity increase Littorina littorea thigmotactic behaviour
4.2 Decreasing salinity decrease activity and intensity of thigmotactic behaviour in Littorina littorea
Chapter III. Microhabitats choice in intertidal gastropods is species-, temperature- and habitat specific
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1 Study site
2.2 Thermal imaging
2.2.1 Thermal properties of the four habitats
2.2.2 Body temperatures (BT) and microhabitat substrate temperatures (STμhab)
2.3 Aggregation status
2.4 Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1 Environmental conditions
3.2 Habitat distribution
3.3 Abundance and occurrence of Patella vulgata and Littorina littorea
3.4 Substrate temperature (ST)
3.5 Body temperatures (BT) and microhabitat temperatures (STμhab)
3.6 Frequency of thermal microhabitat choice
4. Discussion
4.1 Aggregation
4.2 The selection of a macrohabitat as refuge
4.3 Microhabitat selection: a way to escape from unfavourable temperature?
Chapter IV. Aggregation behaviour in Littorina littorea has limited thermal benefits under conditions of thermal stress
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1 Field survey
2.2 Laboratory experiments
2.3 Thermal analysis
2.4 Statistical analysis
3. Results
3.1 Field survey
3.2 Laboratory experiments
3.2.1 Substrate temperatures
3.2.2 Body temperatures
4. Discussion
4.1 Aggregation behaviour does not lead to a thermal benefit in Littorina littorea
4.2 Aggregation behaviour of Littorina littorea: to an obsolete behaviour under warming climate?
Chapter V. General Discussion and Perspectives
Orientation behaviour in intertidal gastropods: the case of thigmotaxis
Thermal heterogeneity of intertidal shores
Microhabitat selection: as a way to compensate temperature variations
Aggregation behaviour: as a non-adaptive response to thermal stress
Conclusion
References
